الإصدار 5 - العدد 15 (2026-06-20)

Self-Efficacy among Secondary School Students in India and Jordan: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

Researcher: Ayman Mohamad Falah Irsan

Dr: Ningamma C. Betsur

PhD Student - Department of Education - University of Mysore – India

Self-efficacy is an important psychological construct that influences students’ confidence, motivation, academic persistence, and ability to cope with educational challenges. This study aimed to examine and compare the level of self-efficacy among secondary school students in India and Jordan. A comparative cross-sectional survey design was used. The sample consisted of 750 ninth-grade students, including 375 students from India and 375 students from Jordan. Data were collected using a self-efficacy scale consisting of 96 Likert-type items distributed across four dimensions: mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, and emotional and physiological states. The reliability analysis showed that the self-efficacy scale had excellent internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.955 for the total scale. The sub-dimensions also demonstrated good reliability, with alpha values ranging from 0.836 to 0.846. Descriptive analysis indicated that the overall mean score of self-efficacy was 357.32. Independent samples t-tests and one-way ANOVA were used to examine differences in self-efficacy according to country, gender, age, school type, sub-area, and area division/directorate. The findings revealed a statistically significant difference in self-efficacy between students in India and Jordan, with Indian students reporting higher self-efficacy. Significant differences were also found according to school type and area division/directorate. However, no statistically significant differences were found according to gender, age, or sub-area. These findings suggest that educational context and school-related factors may play an important role in shaping students’ self-efficacy beliefs.